تدوين السنة النبوية
تدوين السنه النبويه
تعريف السنة النبوية
السُّنَةُ هيَ: كل ما نُسِبَ إلى النبي ، ويشمل هذا أقواله وأفعاله، وما أقرَّهُ ولم ينكره، وهي المصدر الثاني من مصادر التشريع.
– اهتم الصحابة بالسنة فقد كانوا يكتبون كل ما يسمعونه من النبي مخافة نسيان أحاديث رسول الله، وتطور الأمرُ في عهد عمرُ بنُ عبدِ العزيز حينما بعث رسالةً لأهل المدينة، طلب فيها أن يقوموا بكتابة حديث رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، وعلل ذلك بقوله: « فإنّي خفتُ دروس العلم وذَهاب العلماء» (رواه البخاري). ومعنى قوله: (خفتُ دروس العلم) أي: ضياعه.
فائدة كتابة العلوم عموما، وأحاديث النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم خصوصا:
عدم ضياع العلوم وحفظها من الضياع والاستعانة بالحفظ لتثبيت المعارف والمفاهيم وانتفاع الأجيال القادمة بالعلم.
المقصود بتدوين السنة
جمع المطويات والصحف (المتفرقات) من السنة في مصنف كالمسانيد والمعاجم وكتب الصحاح والسنن.
النهي عن كتابة غير القرآن:
اختار الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم جماعةً من الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم وكلّفَهُمْ بكتابة القرآن الكريم، ونهى الرسول أصحابَهُ في البداية عن كتابة غير القرآن، ففي صحيح مسلم عن أبي سعيد الخدري أنَّ رسولَ اللهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: “لا تكتبوا عنّي، ومن كتب عنِّي غير القرآنِ فَلْيَمْحُهُ”. وذلك حتّى لا تختلط عليهِمْ آيات القرآن بالأحاديث النبوية.
أما كتابة العُلماءِ للعُلومِ رغمَ نهي النبي عن تدوين غير القرآن الكريم لأنهم فهموا من نهي الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه نهي مؤقت حتى لا يختلط على الناس العلوم بالآيات القرآنية, و لكن النبي أذن لهم لاحقا بالكتابة, بل أمر الصحابة أن يكتبوا لبعض.
الإذن بكتابة الحديث:
أذِنَ رسولُ اللهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لبعض الصحابة بكتابة السُّنَّةِ عندما تأكد النبي من عدم الخلط وأَمِنَ مِنَ اللَّبْسِ، فعندما جاء رجلٌ من اليمن وسمع خطبةً للنبي, طلب اليمني أنْ تُكتَبَ له، فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: (اكتبوا لأبي شاة)(متفق عليه).
فائدة كتابة العلم وتدوينه
1- عدم ضياع العلوم وحفظها من الضياع والاستعانة بالحفظ لتثبيت المعارف والمفاهيم.
2- انتفاع الأجيال القادمة بالعلم ونقله إليهم, فكم من الكتب بيننا وبين مؤلفيها قرون كثيرة.
الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم لا يقول إلا حقا
الأنبياء عليهم السلام معصومونَ فيما يبلغونَ عَنِ الله سبحانه وتعالى، فلا يقعُ منهُمْ خطأ لا في حال رضاهُمْ ولا في حالِ غَضبِهِمْ، ولا يكتمونَ شيئًا أَمْرَهُمُ اللهُ بتبليغه.
سألَ عبد الله بن عمرو بن العاص رضي الله عنهما رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال: يا رسولَ اللهِ، إِنِّي أسمعُ منك أشياء، أفأكتبها؟ قلت: نعم
قال: في الغضب والرضاء قال: نعم، فإني لا أقولُ فيهما إلا حقًا (مسند أحمد).
تطور التدوين السنة
أمر أمير المؤمنين عمر بن عبد العزيز رحمه الله بكتابة وجمع الأحاديث النبوية، فكُتِبَتْ مصنِّفةً مرتبةً على أبواب العلم، وكانَ أوّلُ مَنْ قامَ بذلك هو التابعي محمد بن مسلم المشهور بابن شهاب الزهري المولود سنة خمسين للهجرة.
مراحل تدوين السنة
في حياة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم:
1 – منع الكتابة بداية العهدِ النَّبوي.
2 – السماح بالكتابة الله عليه وسلم بعد التأكد من عدم اختلاط القرآن بالسنة.
3- التدوين في خلافة عمر بن عبد العزيز.
والفرق بين الكتابة الخاصة والعامة:
– الكتابة الخاصة هي التي قام بها الصحابة لأنفسهم, فيكتب ما يخاف نسيانه أو ما يريد حفظه, ولا يقصد بالكتابة لغيره.
– الكتابة العامة فهي ما قام به العلماء من تأليف الكتب للمسلمين من جمع للأحاديث مع التصنيف والترتيب
والتوزيع على الفصول والأبواب.
أنواع المصنفات
– أنواع كتب الحديث (ستة):
النوع الأول: الصحاح:
اوهي الكتب التي اقتصرت على ذكر الأحاديث الصحيحة فقط، مثل: (صحيح البخاري) (صحيح مسلم).
النوع الثاني: السَننُ:
وتَجْمَعُ هذه الكتب أحاديث الأحكام المرفوعة إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم مرتبةً على أبواب الفقه، مثل: (سُنن أبي داود)، (سنن الترمذي)، (سنن النسائي).
النوع الثالث: المصنفات:
وهي المؤلفات التي ذُكِرَتْ فيها الأحاديثُ المرفوعةُ إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم والموقوفة على الصحابي أو التابعي، (مصنف عبدِ الرّزاق بن همام الصنعاني) و (مصنِّف أبي بكر بن أبي شيبة).
النوع الرابع: المسانيد:
وتُذْكَرُ فيها الأحاديثُ على ترتيب الصحابة، ويتم ترتيبها إما على حروف الهجاء، وإما بطريقة أخرى، مثل: (مسند الإمامِ أحمدَ بنِ حَنبل).
النوع الخامس: المعاجم
وتُذكر فيها الأحاديثُ مرتبةً على شيوخ المؤلّفِ صاحب الكتاب، مثل: (معجم الطبراني الكبير).
النوع السادس: الأجزاء
وهي الكتب الصغيرةُ التي يقومُ العالم فيها (مؤلّفها) بجمع أحاديث شيخ منَ الشَّيوخ, وجمع أحاديث مسألة معينة، مثل: (جزء رفع اليدين) للإمام البخاري و (جزء القراءة وراء الإمام) للإمام البيهقي.
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