مفهوم وأقسام التقليد والاتباع
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مفهوم وأقسام التقليد والاتباع
جاءَتْ دعوة الأنبياء جميعًا إلى اتباع الحقِّ، على بصيرة، فاتّسمت بالوضوح والشفافية، قال تعالى: (قُلْ هَذِهِ سَبِيلِي أَدْعُوا إِلَى اللَّهِ عَلَى بَصِيرَةٍ أَنَا وَمَنِ اتَّبَعَنِي ) (يوسف 108)، وقد أمر الله تعالى رسوله محمدا ببيان ما أنزل عليه للناس، قال تعالى : (وَأَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الذِّكْرَ لِتُبَيِّنَ لِلنَّاسِ مَا نُزِّلَ إِلَيْهِمْ وَلَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ ﴾ (النحل (44)؛ ليتّبعوا أوامر الله تعالى على علم، فلا يكون الاتباع والتقليد إلا لتعاليم الإسلام، ويؤدوا حق ربِّهمْ كما أرادَه سبحانه وتعالى .
– ولقد كانَ الصحابة يكثرون من سؤال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، ليتبينوا وجه الحق فيؤدوه عن وعي وإدراك فعندمـا قـال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لمعاذ بن جبل رضي الله عنه : “تَكُـفّ عليك هذا (أي لسانك)! قال معاذ : يا نبيَّ اللَّـهِ وإِنَّا لَمؤاخذونَ بِما نَتَكَلَّمُ بِهِ؟ قَالَ: ثَكِلَتْكَ أمـك يـا معـاذُ وَهَل يُكبُّ النَّاسَ على وجوههم في النَّارِ، إِلَّا حصائد ألسنتهم” (ابن ماجة).
مفهوم الاتباع
المقصود بالاتباع الاقتداء بالنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم، واتباع سنته الثابتة عنه، وقد أمر الله الى عباده بذلك فقال: ( وَمَا ءَاتاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانتَهُوا وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ شَدِيدُ الْعِقَابِ ﴾ (الحشر (7)، ومن معاني الاتباع أيضًا تتبع العالم، ومـا قـال بـه مـن القــرآن والسنّة، وفي كلا المعنيين يكون الاتِّباعُ قائما على الدليل والحجة، فالاتباع والتقليد الصحيحين يكون بالعمل بقول النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وفعله وتقريره وذلك اتباعا لما أمر به الله تعالى، مع الأخذ بالقول العالم المبنى على اساس الدليل والحجه وايضا اتباع القائم على الدليل الشرعى، وليس اتباعا لقول العالم.
الإتباع هو إتباع سنة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الثابتة والاقتداء بهديه صلى الله عليه وسلم.
– معنى الابتداع: هو الأخذ عن الغير بلا حجة او دليل.
معنى الابتكار يعني توصل الفرد الى انجاز جديد في مجال ما.
المصادر الاخرى للتشريع والاتباع
الكتاب والسنة مصدر التشريع الأول والثاني، وهناك مصادر أخرى وهي الإجماع والقياس وغيرها، وكلُّ هذه المصادر ثابتة بالأدلة الشرعية، العمل والاعتماد على تلك المصادر اتباع؛ وقيامهـا عـلـى الدليـل الشرعى كما كان فى درس مصادر التشريع الإسلامى، والأخذ بنتائجها ما هو الا من قبيل الاتباع، وخاصه ان العلماء الربانيين قد بنوا احكامهم على اساس تلك المصادر وايضا وفق الضوابط العلميه المنهجيه، وبعيـده كل البعد عـن اى اهــواء او مصالح شخصيه، والاطلاع على أدلتهم متاح للناس.
نماذج من اتباع الصحابة للنبي في أقوله
*كانت امرأة لعمر رضي الله عنه تشهد صلاة الصبح والعشاء في الجماعة في المسجد، فقيـل لهـا: لِـمَ تخرجين، وقد تعلمينَ أنَّ عمر يكره ذلك، ويغارُ؟ قالت: ومـا يمنعه أن ينهاني؟ قال: يمنعـه قـول النبى لا تمنعوا اماء الله مساجد الله. رواه البخارى ففيه اتباع لقول النبى.
*وعــن عـابـس بـن ربيعـة رضي الله عنه، قال: “رأيتُ عمر يُقبِّلُ الحجر ويقول: إني لأقبلُكَ. وأعلمُ أنّك حجر ولولا أني رأيتُ رسولَ اللهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم يُقبِّلُـك لـم أُقبلك” (رواه مسلم).ففي تقبيل الحجر اتباع لفعل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم.
حرص الإســلام علـى بنـاء العقليّةِ العلميّة الّتي تقوم على البحث والتأمل والاكتشاف، وتكون غايتهـا الوقوف على الحقيقة والصواب، فتراجع مواقفها دائما، وتتراجع عن الخطأ فورًا؛ لأنها ترفضُ الأهواء والتعصب الذي يعيقُ التَّقدّمَ والبناء والازدهار، بل ويعيد الناسَ إلى الوراء، وقد حذر القرآن الكريم من سلوك المتعصبين الذين يرفضون الرأي الآخر دون تفكير، وحجتهم فقط : ( إِنَّا وَجَدْنَا ءَابَاءَنَا عَلَىٰ أُمَّةٍ وَإِنَّا عَلَى ءَاثَارِهِم مُقْتَدُونَ ) (الزخرف (23)، فهذا استنساخ للأخطاء، وتكرار للجهل والضلال.
والآيةِ التّاليةِ فيها تقليد أعمى:
قال تعالى: ﴿ وَإِذَا فَعَلُوا فَاحِشَةً قَالُوا وَجَدْنَا عَلَيْهَا وَابَاءَنَا وَاللهُ أَمَرَنَا بِهَا قُلْ إِنَّ اللهَ لَا يَأْمُرُ بِالْفَحْشَاءِ أَتَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ مَا لَا تَعْلَمُونَ ) (الأعراف).
فعلوا الفاحشة بحجة أنها بأمر الله تعالى وتقليدا للآباء، فهذا أقبح أنواع التقليد المشار إليه
وفعل الفاحشة هذا يناقض العقل والدين لأن الله تعالى نهى عن الفاحشة فهي مناقضة للدين ولا تتفق معه.
مفهوم التقليد
التقليد: قبول المقلّدِ قولَ غيره بلا حجّة ولا دليل منشؤه التعصب والجهل والهوى.
التقليد بهذا المفهوم، يصبح عائقا أمام الحوار بين الناس، ويكون سببًا في تراجع التعايش والتعاونِ فيما بينهم، كما أنه يعكس صورة سلبية عن الإسلام؛ وهي أنَّ الإسلام يدعو إلى العيش في الماضي فقط، وهذا لا يجوز، فكيف يكون الإسلام صالحًا لكل زمان ومكان إذا؟ كما أنه يعكس صورة غير صحيحة عن المسلم؛ بأنّه يفكر بعقل غيره! ولا يستخدم عقله، وهذا أيضًا لا يصح، فإنجازات العلمـاء المسلمين تشهد بعكس ذلك تماما، مثل الفقه التقديري عند أبي حنيفة، وفي البصريات والفيزياء ابن الهيثم، وجابر بن حيان في الكيمياء، وغيرهم كثير.
مخاطر التقليد
التقليد له مخاطرُ كثيرة:
1- التعصب والانغلاق مما يثير الخلافات والتفرقة بين الناس، وما ينشأ عـن ذلـك مـن اتهام الآخرين وتخطئتهم، وقد يصل الأمر إلى التكفير، وهذه هي القاصمة التي تنشـر العــداءَ بينَ الناسِ.
2. عدم قبول الحقِّ: فيرى بعضُ المقلّدين أن ما يعارض قوله باطل حتى ولو كان حديثا صحيحًـا عـن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم .
3 الجمود الفكري: فالتقليد يمنعُ النشاط الفكري من الانطلاق ومواكبة روح العصر، وتقديم حلول تتناسب مع ظروف الحياة المتجدّدة في كل عصر.
4- مخالفة للقرآن والسنة.
5- تعطيل لمنافع العقل.
أقسام التقليد
ينقسمُ التَّقليد في الأحكام الفقهيّة إلى قسمين:
1. تقليد جائز:
وصورته أن يتبع المسلم العامي مذهبًا من المذاهب الفقهيّة الصّحيحة، ( فهذا الاتباع والتقليد جائز) أو يتَّبعَ رأي أحد العلماء المعروفين بالعلم، والتقوى والورع، كما يرشد إلى ذلك قوله تعالى: ( فَسْئلُوا أَهْلَ الذِكرِ إِن كُنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ (43) (النحل.
2. تقليد لا يجوز:
وهو مذموم، وهو أن يعتقد المسلم أن عليه اتباع مذهب معين أو مجتهد بعينه اتباعا مطلقا، ولا يجوز له الخروجُ عنه بأي حال من الأحوال.
فقولَ الله تَعَالَى: ( فَسْئلُوا أَهْلَ الذِكرِ إِن كُنتُمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَ ) (النحل (43):
تبين الآية أصناف الناس فهما قسمان:
1-عالم: وجب عليه تعليم الجاهل.
2- جاهل: يسأل العالم ويتعلم.
انتهى
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read?
Very nice article and straight to the point. I am not sure if this
is in fact the best place to ask but do you people have any thoughts on where to get
some professional writers? Thanks 🙂 Escape roomy lista
What a fantastic read! The humor made it even better. For further details, check out: READ MORE. Any thoughts?